I have used nothing but 2" fletchings up to this point and it looks like thats what most guys are shooting. What difference do 4" fletchings make (other than minimal weight differences)?
Longer fletchings will stabilize the arrow better. If you're shooting longer distances, the larger vane will do a much better job at keeping your arrow straight. It does take a small amount of speed, though I'm not exactly sure how much. That would take some drag calculations and testing.
I've been think'n about fletching up some 4in feathers & 2in razor feathers I have then compare to the 2in plastic vanes, I'm not much into speed so mostly just curious about difference in accuracy. Just guessing, but thinking the 4 inch feathers should be the most accurate because the have more surface area to create drag & helical for stability, but just a guess.
Fletching choice has many variables. Are you using a whisker biscuit? If so. I wouldn't use 4" vanes... to much contact. I only use 4" vanes when im hunting turkey as I use Magnus broad heads, and a much longer arrow than my standard length. The guillotine tends not to fly very well, so the extra vane length helps. 4-5" vanes will absolutely keep the arrow more stable during flight. But I have never bothered to use them with a white tail set-up as the 2" do the trick just fine.